Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

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What is Chronic Kidney Disease?

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term medical condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play a critical role in filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, balancing electrolytes, and regulating blood pressure. When kidney function declines, waste products and toxins accumulate in the body, leading to serious health complications.

CKD is classified into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), a measure of kidney function. Early stages may be asymptomatic, while advanced stages require more intensive management, including dialysis or kidney transplantation.

Symptoms and Causes

Symptoms:

In the early stages, CKD may not present noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms may occur:

  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Swelling in the legs, ankles, feet, or hands (edema)
  • Shortness of breath
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Persistent itching
  • Muscle cramps
  • Difficulty concentrating

It’s important to talk to your healthcare provider if you or your child has these symptoms.

Additional details about symptoms per type of diabetes include:

Causes:

CKD often develops as a result of other underlying health conditions. Common causes include:

  • Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can damage the kidneys over time.
  • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Increased pressure on the blood vessels in the kidneys can impair their function.
  • Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli).
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease: A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of cysts in the kidneys.
  • Prolonged Use of Certain Medications: Such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or nephrotoxic agents.
  • Recurrent Kidney Infections: Chronic pyelonephritis can contribute to kidney damage.
  • Other Chronic Conditions: Such as lupus, obstructive uropathy, or atherosclerosis.

Diagnosis and Tests

Initial Evaluation:

Medical History and Physical Examination:

  • Assess risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, or family history of kidney disease.
  • Check for physical signs like swelling or high blood pressure.

Diagnostic Tests:

Blood Tests:

  • Measure levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen (BUN) to estimate GFR.
  • Check for anemia or electrolyte imbalances.

Urine Tests:

  • Detect protein, blood, or abnormal substances in urine.
  • Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) helps assess kidney damage.

Imaging Tests:

  • Ultrasound or CT scan to evaluate kidney size, structure, and abnormalities.

Kidney Biopsy:

  • In certain cases, a small sample of kidney tissue may be analyzed to determine the cause and extent of damage.

Complications of CKD

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Bone and mineral disorders (e.g., osteoporosis)
  • Anemia
  • Fluid overload and hypertension
  • Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hyperkalemia)

Living with CKD

Managing CKD involves proactive measures to slow progression, prevent complications, and maintain quality of life. Building a support system, accessing resources from kidney care organizations, and adhering to treatment plans are essential for effective management.

Conclusion

Chronic Kidney Disease is a serious condition requiring early detection and comprehensive management. Lifestyle changes, medical treatments, and regular monitoring can help slow its progression and improve outcomes. If you suspect kidney problems or have risk factors, consult a healthcare provider for evaluation and personalized care.

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