Dialysis

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What is Dialysis?

Dialysis is a medical procedure used to remove waste products, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. It is a life-sustaining treatment for individuals with kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Dialysis can help maintain balance in the body by:

  • Removing waste products like urea and creatinine.
  • Regulating levels of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium.
  • Controlling blood pressure by eliminating excess fluid.

Types of Dialysis

There are two main types of dialysis:

Hemodialysis:
  • Blood is drawn from the body, filtered through a dialysis machine (artificial kidney), and returned to the body.
  • Usually performed at a dialysis center or at home with proper training.
Peritoneal Dialysis:
  • Involves using the peritoneum (a membrane in the abdomen) as a natural filter.
  • A dialysis solution is introduced into the abdominal cavity, which absorbs waste and toxins before being drained.
  • Can be performed at home and offers more flexibility.

Symptoms and Causes:

Symptoms Indicating the Need for Dialysis:

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury may lead to the need for dialysis. Common symptoms include:

  • Swelling in the hands, feet, or face (edema)
  • Persistent nausea and vomiting
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Decreased or no urine output
  • Confusion or difficulty concentrating
  • Itchy skin

Causes of Kidney Failure:

Chronic Conditions:

  • Diabetes (the leading cause of kidney failure)
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Chronic glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney filters)
  • Polycystic kidney disease (genetic disorder causing kidney cysts)

Acute Conditions:

  • Severe dehydration
  • Infections
  • Blockage of the urinary tract
  • Certain medications or toxins damaging the kidneys

Diagnosis and Tests

Diagnosing kidney failure and determining the need for dialysis involves:

Blood Tests:

  • Measure levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) to assess kidney function.
  • Check levels of electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and calcium.

Urine Tests:

  • Analyze protein and blood presence in urine.
  • Evaluate kidney’s filtering capacity.

Imaging Tests:

  • Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI to visualize kidney structure and detect abnormalities.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR):

  • A key test to estimate kidney function and stage chronic kidney disease.
  • A GFR below 15 indicates kidney failure, often necessitating dialysis.

Biopsy (in some cases):

  • A small sample of kidney tissue may be taken to determine the underlying cause of kidney disease.

Conclusion

Dialysis is a critical intervention for individuals with severe kidney impairment. Early detection of kidney issues through regular medical checkups and tests can help delay the need for dialysis. If you experience symptoms of kidney dysfunction, consult a healthcare professional promptly to explore treatment options and prevent further complications.

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